Email this article 
Hide
Show all
Stakeholders’ interests and emerging resource use conflicts in apiculture in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Abstract
The study aims to generate a knowledge base for effective governance of natural resources management by farmers from which lessons could be drawn for guiding appropriate natural resources management intervention. Data were collected using household questionnaires, Checklists for focus group discussions key informants’ interviews and participant observation. Beekeeping households were sampled purposively while non-beekeeping households were sampled randomly. Quantitative data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses with the use of logistic regression analysis. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Results showed that the majority of small-scale beekeepers (73%) were driven by economic interests rather than natural resource management and conservation. The results further reveal that a large group of individual farmers need to be mobilized into beekeepers’ groups to accommodate natural resource conservation objectives. The most prevalent conflicts in the study area were between farmers practising apiculture and fellow farmers (74%), followed by beekeepers and neighbours (16%). Stakeholders’ diverging interests in apiculture were significantly influenced by marital status, major economic activities, household size, and educational level (p<0.05). We conclude that economic interests override conservation and natural resources management, therefore efforts should be geared towards mobilizing small-scale beekeepers into beekeeping groups where it can be possible to accommodate natural resources conservation objectives, thereby mitigating the effects of diverging interests and resource use conflicts. We recommend that other stakeholders such as faith-based organizations, and research and training institutes be mobilised by the local government to facilitate the inclusion of individual beekeepers into different forms of association where it can be possible to accommodate conservation objectives.
Keywords
References
Berkes, F., Davidson-Hunt, I and Davidson-Hunt, K. 1998. Diversity of Common Property Resource Use and Diversity of Social Interests in the Western Indian Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, 18 (1): 19-33.
Blomley, T. 2003. Natural resources conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Southwestern Uganda. pp 231-250. In: P. A. Castro and E. Neilsen, editors. Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO-Rome, Italy.
Chacha, W. 2020. Seasonal abundance and distribution of Red-capped Robin Chat Cossypha natalensis in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Ostrich, 91:2, 129-133
Conte, C.A. 1999. Colonial Science and Ecological Change: Tanzania's Mlalo Basin, 1888-1946, Environmental History, Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History. 220-244 pp.
Davis, S., Makundi, R.H., Machang’u R.S. and Leirs, H. 2006.
Demographic and spatiotemporal variation in human plague at a persistent focus in Tanzania. Acta Tropica, 100(1-2): 133-141.
FAO, 2000. Conflict in Natural Resource Management. (Eds). Nancy Hart and Peter Castro. Viale Terme di Caracalla 00100, Rome, Italy. 20pp.
FAO, 2007. Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa. Forest Policy Working Paper No. 18. Rome. United Republic of Tanzania. Prepared by Elizabeth Dodo. FAO, Rome. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/k0830e/k0830e00.pdf]. Site visited on 20/06/09.
FAO, 2009. Bees and their role in forest livelihoods. A guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of their products. Rome. 194 pp.
GEF, 2002. Project Brief: Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests, Tanzania. GEF Arusha, Tanzania.
Grimble, R. and Wellard, K. 1997. Stakeholder Methodologies in Natural Resource Management: A Review of Principles, Contexts, Experience and Opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2): 173 - 193.
Kajembe, G.C. 1994. Indigenous Management System as a Basis for Community Forestry in Tanzania: A case study for Dodoma Urban and Lushoto Districts. Tropical Forest Resource Management Paper no.6. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 194 pp.
Kamugisha, M.L, Gesase, S., Minja, D., Mgema, S., Mlwilo, T.D., Mayala, B.K., Msingwa, S., Massaga, J.J. and Lemng, M.M. (2007). Pattern and spatial distributionof plague in Lushoto, North-Eastern Tanzania. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9(1): 12-17.
Katani, J. Z. 1999. Copping strategies against deforestation: Impact of socio-economic factors with special attention to gender – based copping indigenous knowledge. A case of Mwanza District. Dissertation for Award of MSc. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, 110pp
Kessy, J. F. 1998. Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources in the East Usambara Forest Reserves: Conventional Views and Local Perspectives. Tropical Resource Management Papers No. 18.
Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Forestry. 168 pp.
Kilawe C.J., Kaaya O.E, Kolonel C.P., Macrice S.A, Mshama C.P., Lyimo P.J., and Emily C.J. 2020. Wild fire in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Burned areas, underlying causes and management challenges. African Journal of Ecology, 59:204-2015
Kimaro D.N., Mbeyale G.E., Hella J.P., Kajembe G.C., Semalulu O. and Mogaka, H. 2013. Modern beekeeping as an enterprise for monetary benefits, environmental rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation: A case study of Lushoto District, Tanzania. In: [ASARECA] Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa. Feeding our region in the 21st century: First ASARECA General Assembly, Volume 2: Selected scientific and technical papers: ASARECA: Entebbe, Uganda. ISBN 2978-92-95070-94-3. pp177 – 193
Kimaro, D.N., Semalulu, O., Ayaga, G., Mbayale, G.E., Kasenge, V., Gumisiriza, C., Kajembe, G.C., and Mogaka, H. 2010. Promoting sustainable integrated natural resource management options through effective governance and farmer-market linkages in the highlands of East Africa. Proceedings of the International Conference on Best Practices in University Development through International Cooperation. Hotel Elizabeth, Baguio City, Philippines. February 2-4, 2010. ISSN-2094-5310. VLIR-UOS – Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad, University Development Co-opearation. pp 32-46
Lalika, M. C. S. and Machangu, J. S. 2008. Beekeeping for income generation and costal forest conservation. [http ://www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/info/development/beekeeping-for-income-gen.shtml - 34k] site visited on 22/04/2009.
Lietaer, C. 2009. Impact of beekeeping on forest conservation, preservation of forest ecosystems & poverty reduction. XIII World Forestry Congress. 5pp.
Lovett, J. C. and Wasser, S. K. (eds). (1993). Biogeography and ecology of the rain forest of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 341 pp. ISBN 0-521-43083-6.
Lovett, J.C. 1998. Importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains for vascular plants. Journal of East African Natural History 87: 59–74.
Matthias, S. 2005. Utilization and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan’s Mountain Forests. Journal of Mountain Science 2(2):91-104.
Mayeta, L. 2004. The Role of Local Institutions in Regulating Resource Use Conflicts In Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania. Dissertation for Award of MSc. Degree at Sokoine University Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 150pp.
Mayeta, L. 2004. The role of local institutions in regulating resource use and conflict management in Mpanga/Kipengere game Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania. Dissertation for award of Msc. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 150 pp
Mazorodze Brian T. 2015. The contribution of apiculture towards rural income in Honde valley, Zimbabwe. Presented at the National Capacity Building Strategy for Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation Conference, May 26-28, 2015, American University in the Emirates, Dubai.
Mbeyale, G. E. 2009. The Impact of Institutional Changes on the Management of. Common Pool Resources in Pangani River Basin: A case of Eastern Same, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Dessertation for the award of PhD Degree at University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 307pp.
Mbwilo, A.J. 2002. The Role of Local Institutions in Regulating Resource Use and Conflict Management: The Case of Usangu, Mbarali District, Tanzania. Dissertation for the award of MSc. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, 136pp.
Mowo, J.G., Mwihomeke, S.T., Mzoo, J.B., Msangi, T.H. 2002. Managing natural resources in the West Usambara Mountains: A glimmer of hope in the horizon. Report to the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD. http://lib.icimod.org/record/10929 (accessed 07/05/12).
Msita, H.B. 2013. Insights into indigenous soil and water conservation technologies in Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. PhD Thesis. KU Leuven, Belgium. pp 194.
Msita, H.B., Kimaro D.N., Deckers, J. and Poesen, J. 2010. Identification and Assessment of Indigenous Soil Erosion Control Measures in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Chapter 3 in Earl T. Nardali (Editor). No-Till Farming: Effects on Soil, Pros and Cons and Potential. Agriculture Issues and Policies Series. ISBN: 978-1-60741-402-5. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York:49-74.
Msita, H.B., Kimaro D.N., Deckers, J. and Poesen, J. 2010. Identification and Assessment of Indigenous Soil Erosion Control Measures in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Chapter 3 in Earl T. Nardali (Editor). No-Till Farming: Effects on Soil, Pros and Cons and Potential. Agriculture Issues and Policies Series. ISBN: 978-1-60741-402-5. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York:49-74.
Neerinckx, S. 2006. Ecological factors influencing the spread of plague disease, Lushoto, Tanzania. MSc Thesis. Catholic University of Leuven. pp 89.
Neerinckx, S. 2010. Insights in the ecology of plague using spatial and ecological models at distinct scales and resolutions. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Phylosophy of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University of Antwerpen. pp206.
Pfeifer, R. 1990. Sustainable agriculture in practice – the production potential and and the environmental effects of macro-contourlines in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. PhD dissertation, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, West Germany. pp. 195.
Ranthore, C.S. and Jain, S. 2005. Forest Information System Project of IIFM[http://www.iifm.org/databank/fis.html]. Site visited on 26/11/2010.
Sanchez, P.A. 2002. Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Science 295:2019-20. Forty years of soil fertility work in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Vanlauwe, B., Diels, J., Sanginga, N., Mercks, R. (Eds), integrated Plant Nutrient Management in sub-Saharan Africa: from Concept to Practice, CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp. 7-21.
Sanginga, P. C., Kamugisha, R. N. and Martin, A. M. 2007. The Dynamics of Social Capital and Conflict Management in Multiple Resource Regimes: A Case of the Southwestern Highlands of Uganda. Ecology and Society, 12 (1): 6.
Shemdoe, R., 2002. Socio-economic analysis of ecosystem conservation practices in west Usambaras: A case of Plague infested areas in Lushoto district Tanzania. http://idl-bnc.idrc.ac/bitstream/106525/32542/1/118232.pdf (accessed 10/11/2012).
Singleton,R.A., Straits,B.C. and Straits, M.M. (1993). Approaches to Social Sciences Research. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, UK. 572pp.
Tenge, A.J., De Graaff, J. and Hella, J.P. 2005. Financial efficiency of major soil and water conservation measures in West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. Applied Geography; 25: 348-366.
Teshome K.D and Guta R. M. 2020. Role of Beekeeping in the Community Forest Conservation: Evidence from Ethiopia, Bee World, 97:4, 98-104.
URT, 2015. United Republic of Tanzania: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015-2020. Vice President's Office, Division of Environment, United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es salaam. ISBN: 978 - 9987- 807- 01- 7
Vigiak O., Van Loon E. and Sterk G. 2006. Modelling spatial scales of water erosion in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Geomorphology 76: 26– 42
Warner, M. and Jones, P. 1998. Assessing the Need to Manage Conflict in Community Based Natural Resources Projects. Natural resources perspectives, Paper Number 35. Overseas development institute. 21 pp.
Woodcock, K. (2002). Changing Roles in Natural Forest Management. Stakeholders’ in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Ashgate Studies in Environmental Policy and Practice. Athenaeum Press Ltd. Aldershot. 188pp.
World Bank, 1995. World Bank participation source book. Washington, D.C. Environment Department, World Bank.[www.worldbank.org/documents]. Site visited on 08/08/09.
Yap NT, Devlin J.F., 2015. Beekeeping innovation for sustaining rural livelihoods. A success story. Innovation and Sustainable Development, 9(2): 103-117.
DOI: 10.33687/ijae.011.002.3914
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gimbage Ernest Mbeyale
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
