1. Home
  2. Vol 4, No 1 (2015)
  3. Assefa

Assessment of Wilt Intensity and Identification of Causal Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens on Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Bako Tibbe and Nonno Districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Mekonnen Assefa, Woubit Dawit, Alemu Lencho, Tariku Hunduma

Abstract


Pepper wilt disease intensity was assessed on-farm in Bako Tibbe and Nonno districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia during the main cropping season of October 2012. The wilt causing pathogens were identified from 50 diseased samples collected from the two districts. Of the 120 hot pepper fields surveyed, 116 fields were found to be infected with wilt disease. The overall percent prevalence and incidence of wilt disease was 96.7 and 86.4%, respectively. Identification and pathogenicity tests revealed that Ralstonia solanacearum and four fungal wilt pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp.) were detected in the surveyed fields. The percentage of occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp. were 45.0, 17.48, 12.59 and 11.89%, respectively; whereas, the frequency of R. solanacearum was 100%. Wilt disease in pepper in these two districts was caused by more than one wilt causing pathogen, thus management strategies should focus on these complex pathogens.

Keywords


Rhizoctonia; Fusarium; Phytophthora; Verticillium; Ralstonia solanacearum; pepper; wilt

References


BARC (Bako Agricultural Research Center).1999. Pepper Cultivation Practices and quality seed production training Manual.

BARC (Bako Agricultural Research Center). 1999/2000. Crop Protection Research Division Progress Report.

Babadoost, M. 2004. Phytophthora blight: A serious threat to cucurbit industries. APSnet feature Apr-May,’’ Online Publication. American Phytopathol Soc., St. Paul, MN.

Babu, B. S, S. R. Pandravada, R. D. V. J. P. Rao, K. Anitha, S. K. Chakrabarty and K. S. Varaprasad. 2011. Global source of pepper genetic resources against arthropods, nematodes and pathogens. Crop Prot. 30: 389–400.

Barnett, H. L. and B. B. Hunter. 1999. Illustrated of Imperfect fungi. 4thed. The American Phytopathol. Soc. St, Paul, Minnesota, USA. pp. 218.

Beyene, T. and P. David. 2007. Ensuring Small Scale Producers in Ethiopia to Achieve Sustainable and Fair Access to pepper Market. Uganda J. of Agr. 3(2): 113-119.

Bhat, R. G., R. F. Smith, S. T. Koike, B. M. Wu and K. V. Subbarao. 2003. Characterization of Verticillium dahliae isolates and wilt epidemic of pepper. Plant Dis. 87: 789-797.

Chaudhry, Z. and H. Rashid. 2011. Isolation and characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum from infected tomato plants of soan skesar valley of Punjab. Pak. J. Bot. 43(6): 2979-2985.

CSA (Central Statics Authority). 2006. Agricultural sample survey report on area and production of crops.’’ Statistical bulletin, 1(361): 329, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dhanasekaran, D., P. Sivamani, A. Panneerselvam, N. Thajuddin, G. Rajakumar and S. Selvamani. 2005. Biological Control of Tomato Seedling Damping off with Streptomyces sp. Plant Pathol. J. l4 (2): 91-95.

EEPA. 2003. Spice potential and market study. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia, pp. 103.

EIAR (Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research). 2009. Crop Protection Instruction http://www. Eiar.gov.et’’, pp 69-74.

Ellis, M. B. 1976. Dematiaceous Hypomycetes. Common wealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, pp 62.

ESEF (Ethiopian Spice Extraction Factory). 2005. Unpublished data.

Fekadu, M. and G. Dandena. 1970. Status of Vegetable Crop in Ethiopia. Uganda J. of Agric. 12(2): 26-30.

French, E. R. and L. Sequeira. 1970. Strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum from Central and South America. A Comparative study, Phytopathol. 60: 506-512.

Fikire, L. 2006. Biochemical, Pathological and Genetic Characteristics of Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) from Ethiopia and Biocontrol of Ralstonia solanacearum with Bacterial Antagonists. PhD Dissertation, Gottfried Leibniz University Hannover.

Fujiwara, A. T., S. Kawasaki, M. Usami and T. Fujie. 2008. Genomic Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum Phage RSA1 and Its Related Pro phage (RSX) in Strain MI1000. J. of Bacteriol. 190(1): 143-156.

Groenewald, S. 2005. Biology, Pathogencity and diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense. Dissertation, University of Pretoria.

Goldberg, N. P. 2010. Verticillium Wilt of Chile Peppers College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences on the World Wide. Available: aces.nmsu.edu.

Hansen, M. A. 2006. Bacterial spot of pepper Available: http://www.ext.vt.edu/pbubs/plant diseases/450-702/450-702.htm.

Hayward, A. C. 1991. Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 29: 65-87.

Hayward, A. C. and G. L. Hartman. 1994. Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and its Causative Agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. CABI, UK.

Hayward, A. C. 1995. Systematic and phylogeny of Pseudomonas solanacearum and related bacteria,’’ In Horita M, Tsuchiya K (eds). Genetic diversity of Japanese strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. Phytopathol. 91: 399-407.

Hugh, R. and E. Leifson. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermentative verses oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various Gram negative bacteria. J. of Bact. 66: 24-26.

Jiskani, M. M., M. A. Pathan, M. Wagan and H. Abro. 2007. Studies on the control of Tomato damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Pakistan J. of Bot. 39(7): 2749-2754.

Joshi, M., R. Srivastava, A. K. Sharma and A. Prakash, 2012. Screening of Resistant Varieties and Antagonistic Fusarium oxysporum for Biocontrol of Fusarium Wilt of Chilli. J. of Plant Pathol. Microb, 3:134.

He, L. Y., L. Sequeria and A. Kelman. 1983. Characteristics of strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum from China. Plant Dis. 67: 1357-1361.

Kelman, A., G. L. Hartman and C. Hayward. 1994. Introduction. 1-7. In Bacterial wilt: the disease and its causative agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. A. C. Hayward and G. L. Hartman (eds.) CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.

Khalifa, E. Z. 1991. Biological controls of tomato Fusarium wilt by Trichoderma harzianum. Minufiya J. Agr. Res. 16 (2): 1247-1259.

Korobkon, A., T. Tegegn and C. Dilbo. 1986. Chemical control of bacterial leaf spot of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Scientific Phytopathological Laboratory (SPL) progress Report for the period 1985/86. pp.192-199.

Kovacs, L. 1956. Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidase reaction. Nature (London), 178: 703.

Lemma, D. 1998. Seed Production Guide Line for tomatoes, onion, and hot pepper. Institute of Agricultural Research Addis Ababa Ethiopia. pp. 11-27.

Mehrotra, R. S. and A. Aggarwal. 2003. Plant pathology,’’ 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi, pp. 822-825.

Mimura, Y. and M. Yoshikawa. 2009. Pepper Accession LS2341 Is Highly Resistant to Ralstonia solanacearum Strains from Japan. Hort. Science. 44(7): 2038–2040.

MOA (Ministry of Agriculture). 2011. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate; Crop variety Register; Issue No14. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Chapter IV, pp.177.

Momol, T., P. Pradhanang and C. A. Lopes. 2008. Bacterial wilt of pepper. Plant Pathology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Available: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu., pp189.

Naturland, E. V. 2001. Organic farming in the tropic and sub tropic. II special section organic cultivation of pepper 2nd ed. Kleinhaderner Weg 1, Germany. pp. 12.

Ribeiro, R. L. D. and D. J. Hagedron. 1979. Screening for resistance to and pathogenic Specialization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, the causal agent of bean yellows. Phytopathol. 69: 272-276.

Sadeghi, A., A. R. Hessan, H. Askari, S. Aghighi and G. H. Shahidi Bonjar. 2006. Biological Control Potential of Two Streptomyces Isolates on Rhizoctinia solani, the Causal Agent of Damping-off of Sugar Beet. Pak. Jour. of Biol. Sci. 9(5): 904-910.

Sands, D. C. 1990. Methods in phytobacteriology. Academia Kiado, Budagest.

Sileshi, D. 2011. Evaluation of Elite hot pepper Varieties (Capsicum Species) for growth, dry pod yield and Quality under Jimma Condition, South West Ethiopia,’’ M.sc Thesis Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. pp 1-3 and 25-27.

Ukeh, J. A. and N. V. Chiejina. 2012. Preliminary investigation of the cause of post-harvest fungal root of tomato. J. of pharm and Bio. Scie. 4(5):36-39.

WSZoARD. 2003. Report on vegetable crop production, West Showa Zone Office of Agriculture and Rural Development unpublished written material.

Yaynu, H. 1989. Characteristics of isolates of Psuedomonas solancearum in Ethiopia. Ethiopian J. of Agr. 11: 7-13.

Yoon, J. Y., S. K. Green, A. T. Tschanz, S. C. S. Tsou and L. C. Chang. 1989. Pepper improvement for the tropics: Problems and the AVRDC approach’’. p. 86–98. In Green S. K, Griggs T. D. and McLean B. T. (eds.). Tomato and pepper production in the tropics. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Management.


Full Text: PDF XPS

DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.004.01.0972

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2015 Mekonnen Assefa, Woubit Dawit, Alemu Lencho, Tariku Hunduma

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.