Email this article 
Hide
Show all
Effect of Osmotic and Matric Potentials on Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Virulence on Peanut
Abstract
The effect of osmotic and matric potentials on mycelial growth, sclerotia production, germination, and virulence of two isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and one isolate of S. minor were studied on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media adjusted with KCl, glycerol, or agar. Osmotic potentials created by KCl and glycerol significantly reduced vegetative growth of the three isolates. On matrically adjusted PDA, vegetative growth of the three isolates was not negatively affected by matric stress up to -3.5 MPa. When KCl was the osmoticum, sclerotia number did not follow a consistent pattern. However, sclerotia number decreased when osmotic stress created by glycerol was increased. Matric stress was not a consistent factor affecting sclerotia production by both species. However, the highest levels of matric stress -3.0 and -3.5 MPa significantly reduced sclerotia production by both species. In general, there was a trend toward lower sclerotial germination with increasing osmotic and matric stress. Pathogenicity of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum on the peanut cultivar (Okrun) was reduced by high concentrations of KCl. Mycelia of both species produced at high matric potential -3.5 MPa did not differ in pathogenicity on Okrun compared with mycelia grown on non-amended PDA. In water-stressed-Okrun, induced by polyethylene glycol 8000, the Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was significantly decreased. The relevance of these results to the behavior of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, and their pathogenicity on peanut is discussed.
Keywords
References
Abwai, G.S., and R.G. Grogan. 1975. Source of primary inoculum and effects of temperature and moisture on infection of beans by Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathol. 65: 300-309.
Abwai, G.S., and R.G. Grogan. 1979. Epidemiology of diseases caused by Sclerotinia species. Phytopathol. 69: 899-904.
Adam, P.B. 1975. Factors affecting survival of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soil. Plant Dis. Rep. 59: 599-603.
Bagga, D.K. and E.B. Smalley. 1969. Factors affecting canker development on Populus tremuloides artificially inoculated with Hypoxylon pruinatum. Can. J. of. Bot. 47: 907-914.
Brownell, K.H. and R.W. Schneider. 1985. Roles of matric and osmotic components of water potential and their interaction with temperature in the growth of Fusarium oxysporum in synthetic media and soil. Phytopathol. 75: 53-57.
Bruehl, G.W. and B. Cunfer, 1971. Physiologic and environmental factors that affect the severity of snow mold of wheat. Phytopathology 61: 792-799.
Burgess, D.R. and G. Hepworth. 1996. Biocontrol of Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia minor) in sunflower by seed treatment with Gliocladium virens. Plant Pathol. 45: 583-592.
Campbell, G.S., and W.H. Gardner, 1971. Psychrometric measurement of soil water potential: temperature and bulk density effects. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings. 35: 8-12.
Cervantes-Garcia, D. and J. S. Padilla-Ramirez and J. Simpson and N. Mayek-Perez, 2003. Osmotic potential effects on in vitro growth, morphology and pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina. J. of Phytopathol.151: 456-462.
Cook, R.C. and A.M. Al-Hamadani, 1986. Water relations of sclerotia and other infective structures. Pages 49-63 in: Water, Fungi and Plants. P. G. Ayres and L. Boddy, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cook, R.J. 1981. Water relations in the biology of Fusarium. Pages 236-244 in: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook, eds. The Pennsylvania Satate University Press, University Park.
Dallyn, H. and A. Fox. 1980. Spoilage of material of reduced water activity by xerophilic fungi. In: Gould, G. H., Corry, E. L., eds. Microbial growth and survival in extreme environments. London and New York: Academic Press. 129-139pp.
Duniway, J.M. and G.S. Abawi and J.R. Steadman, 1977. Influence of soil moisture on the production of apothecia by Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. (Abstr). Proceedings of the Amer. Phytopathol. Soci. 4:115.
Faske, T. and H.A. Melouk and M.E. Payton. 2006. Comparison of Sclerotinia minor inocula for differentiating the reaction of peanut genotypes to Sclerotinia blight. Peanut Sci. 33: 7-11.
Ferrin, D.M. and M.E. Stanghellini. 2006. Effect of water potential on mycelial growth and perithecial production of Monosprascus cannonballus in vitro. Plant Pathol. 55: 421-426.
Griffin, D.M. 1981. Water and microbial stress. In: Alexander A, ed. Advances in microbial ecology 5. New York. Plenum Publishing Co. 91-136pp.
Grose, M.J. and C.A. Parker and K. Sivasithamparam, 1984. Growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici in soil: effects of temperature and water potential. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16: 211-216.
Hao, J.J. and K.V. Subbarao and J.M. Duniway. 2003. Germination of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum sclerotia under various soil moisture and temperature combinations. Phytopathol. 93: 443-450.
Huang, H.C. and G.C. Kozub. 1994. Longevity of normal and abnormal sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. 78: 1164-166.
Imolehin, E.D. and R. G. Grogan and J. M. Duniway. 1980. Effect of temperature and moisture tension on growth, sclerotial production, germination, and infection by Sclerotinia minor. Phytopathol. 70: 1153-1157.
Ioannou, N. and R.W. Scheider and R.G. Grogan and J.M. Duniway, 1977. Effect of water potential and temperature on growth, sporulation, and production of microsclerotia by Verticillium dahlia. Phytopathol. 67: 637-644.
Jennings, D.H. 1995. The physiology of fungal nutrition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. PP. 622.
Jennings, D.H. and R.M. Burke. 1990. Compatible solutes-the mycological dimension and their role as physiological buffering agents. New Phytol. 116: 277-283.
Jones, E. E. and A. Stewart and J. M. Whipps. 2011. Water potential effects Coniothyrium minitans gowth, germination and parasitism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia. Fungal Biol. 115 (9): 871-81.
Kokalis-Burelle, N. and D.M. Porter and R. Rodríguez-Kabana and D.H. Smith and and P. Subrahmanyam. 1997. Sclerotinia Blight. Pages 34-36 in: Compendium of Peanut Diseases. Second edition. American Phytopathol. Soci. St. Paul, Minnesota.
Kumar, S. and K. Sivasithamparam and J.S. Gill and M.W. Sweetingham. 1999. Temperature and water potential effects on growth and pathogenocoty of Rhizoctonia solani Ag-11 to lupine. Can. J. Microbiol. 45: 389-395.
Lang, A.R.G., 1967. Osmotic coefficients and water potentials of sodium chloride solutions from 0 to 40 °C. Aus. J. of Chem. 20: 2017-2023.
Liddell, C.M. 1993. Measurement and control of soil temperature and water potential. In: Singleton, L. L., Mihail, J. D., Rush, C. M, eds. Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. Eds,. The American Phytopathol. soci..
Lushchak, V. I. 2011. Adaptive response to oxidative stress: bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 153: 175–190.
Ma, Z. and D.P. Morgan and T.J. Michailides, 2001. Effect of water stress on Botryosphaeria blight of pistachio caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. Plant Dis. 85: 745-749.
Magan, N. and J. M. Lynch. 1986. Water potential, growth and cellulolysis of fungi involved in decomposition of cereal residues. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132: 1181-1187.
Matheron, M.E. and M. Porchas. 2005. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on eruptive germination and viability of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. 89: 50-54.
Melouk, H.A. and C. Bown and S.S. Aboshosha. 1999. A procedure for isolation and determination of incidence of Sclerotinia minor in peanut seed. Alexanderia J. Agric. Res. 44: 261-270.
Michel, B.E. and M.R. Kaufmann. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylen glycol 6000. Plant Physiol. 51: 914-916.
Mullen, J.M. and C.H. Gilliam and A.K. Hagan and G. Morgan-Jones, 1991. Canker of dogwood caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a disease influenced by drought stress or cultivar selection. Plant Dis. 75: 886-889.
Olaya, G. and G.S. Abawi. 1996. Effect of water potential on mycelial growth and on production and germination of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina. Plant Dis. 80: 1347-1350.
Palacios, S. and F. Casasnovas and M. L. Ramirez and M. M. Reynoso and A.M. Torres. 2014. Impact of water potential on growth and germination of Fusarium solani soilborne pathogen of peanut. Brazil. J. Microbiol. 45 (3): 1105-1112.
Ramirez, M.L. and S.N. Chulze and N. Magan. 2004. Impact of osmotic and matric water stress on germination, growth, mycelial water potentials and endogenous accumulation of sugars and sugar alcholos in Fusarium graminearum. Mycologia. 96 (3): 470-478.
Ritchie, F. and M.P. McQuilken and R.A. Bain. 2006. Effect of water potential on mycelial growth, sclerotial production, and germination of Rhizoctonia solani from potato. Mycol. Res. 110: 725-733.
Schoeneweiss, D. F. 1975. Predisposition, stress, and plant diseases. Annual Review of Phytopathology 13: 193-211.
Slayter, R. D. 1967. Plant-water relationships. Academic Press, New York.
Smith, D. L. and J. E. Hollowell and T. G. Isleib and B. B. Shew, 2006. Analysis of factors that influence the epidemiology of sclerotinia minor on peanut. Plant Dis. 90: 1425-1432.
Sommers, L. E. and R. F. Harris and F. N. Dalton and W. R. Gardner, 1970. Water potential relations of three root-infecting Phytophthora species. Phytopathol. 60: 932-934.
Subbarao, K. V. and T. J. Michailides and D. P. Morgan, 1993. Effects of osmotic potential and temperature on growth of two pathogens of figs and a biocontrol agent. Phytopathol. 83: 1454-1459.
Teulat, B. and P. Monneveux and J. Wery and B.I. Souyris and A. Charrier and D. This, 1997. Relatioships between relative water content and growth parameters under stress in barely: a QTL study. New Phytol. 137: 99-107.
Tommerup, I. C. 1984. Effect of soil water potential on spore germination by vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Trans. British Mycol. Soci. 83: 193-202.
Willets, H. J. and J. A. L. Wong. 1980. The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature. The Bot. Rev. 46: 101-165.
Woods, D.M. and J.M. Duniway. 1986. Some of effects of water potential on growth, turgor, and repiration of Phytophthora cryptogea and Fusarium moniliforme. Phytopathol. 76: 1248-1253.
Wu, B. M. and K. V. Subbarao and Y. B. Liu. 2008. Comparative survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Phytpathol. 98: 659-665.
DOI: 10.33687/phytopath.004.03.1469
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2016 Ahmed Abd-Elmagid, Robert Hunger, Carla Garzón, Mark Payton, Ho-Jong Ju, Hassan Melouk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
