Assessment of Responses of Peach Cultivars to Postharvest Pathogen Botrytis Cinerea and its Mitigation using Plant Essential Oils
Abstract
In peaches, post-harvest losses occur due to injury during mishandling, storage, processing, and transportation, especially caused by pathogen infections that result in the reduction of quantity, quality, and market value of agricultural commodities. Numerous postharvest pathogens attack peaches, especially Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mold disease, resulting in losses of about $10 billion globally. The current paper reports the results of a study that investigated the occurrence of different fungi and the effect of different essential oils on mold growth in five peach cultivars. The study found that Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, and A. niger had different preferences and distributions among the cultivars. The study also found that Florida King 6-A was resistant to B. cinerea, while Early Gold was highly susceptible. The study also found that cinnamon oil was the most effective essential oil in controlling mold growth in Florida King 6-A, while sesame oil was the least effective in Early Grand. The study also found that clove bud oil at 100% concentration had the highest antifungal potency among the tested essential oils and that different concentrations of essential oils were required for different cultivars. These findings highlight the varying levels of susceptibility among peach cultivars to fungal pathogens and the varying degrees of effectiveness associated with different essential oils in mitigating fungal growth. Such insights are invaluable for agricultural practices aiming to protect peach crops from fungal infections and optimize yield.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdulsalam, A., Zakari, B., Chimbekujwo, I., Channya F., Bristone, B., 2015. Isolation and control of fungi associated with neck rot disease of onions (Allium Cepa L.) in Bama, Borno State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences (4), 35-39.
Ahmed, M.H., Ashfaq, M., Mukhtar, T., Khan, M.A., 2021. Categorization of available cucumber genotypes against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 25 (5), 955-961.
Ahmed, U.I., Ying, L., Mushtaq, K., Bashir, M.K., 2015. An econometric estimation of post-harvest losses of kinnow in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management (3), 373-383.
Ahmed, R., Gondal, A.S., Khan, M.T., Shahzaman, S., Hyder, S., 2018. First report of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease on peach from Pakistan. International Journal of Phytopathology 7, 131-131.
Arrebola, E., Sivakumar, D., Bacigalupo, R., Korsten, L., 2010. Combined application of antagonist Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and essential oils for the control of peach postharvest diseases. Crop Protection (29), 369-377.
Aslam, M., Irshad, G., Gondal, A., Sajid, M., Naz, F., Karamat, M., Bashir, A., Hyder, S., Ahmed, R., 2019. First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing postharvest fruit rot of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) from Pakistan. Plant Disease 103, 1410-1410.
Azeem, W., Mukhtar, T., Hamid, T., 2021. Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum and Azadirachta indica in the management of Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 53(1), 119-125.
Byrne, D., 2010. Environmental challenges of breeding peaches for low chill regions, Acta Horticulturae, International Society for Horticultural Science, 129-138.
Cao, Z., Zhou, D., Ge, X., Luo, Y., Su, J., 2022. The role of essential oils in maintaining the postharvest quality and preservation of peach and other fruits. Journal of Food Biochemistry 46(12), e14513.
Carovic-Stanko, K., Fruk, G., Satovic, Z., Ivic, D., Politeo, O., Sever, Z., Grdiša, M., Strikic, F., Jemric, T., 2013. Effects of Ocimum spp. essential oil on Monilinia laxa in vitro. Journal of Essential Oil Research 25, 143-148.
Carrera, M., Alonso, J.M., Espiau, M.T., Socias i Company, R., 2005. The Peach breeding in unit fruit research center and food technology of Aragon. ITEA Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria 101, 260-264.
Crisosto, C.H., 1994. Stone fruit maturity indices: a descriptive. Postharvest News and Information 5(6), 65N-68N.
Dao, C.J., Karunarathna, S.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Lu, L., Yang, E.F., Tibpromma, S., Yan, K., 2023. Isolation and identification of postharvest fungal pathogens of some selected fruits in Yunnan, China. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 50(3).
De Corato, U., Maccioni, O., Trupo, M., Di Sanzo, G., 2010. Use of essential oil of Laurus nobilis obtained by means of a supercritical carbon dioxide technique against post-harvest spoilage fungi. Crop Protection 29, 142-147.
Elshafie, H.S., Mancini, E., Camele, I., Martino, L.D., De Feo, V., 2015a. In vivo antifungal activity of two essential oils from Mediterranean plants against postharvest brown rot disease of peach fruit. Industrial Crops and Products 66, 11-15.
Elshafie, H.S., Mancini, E., Sakr, S., De Martino, L., Mattia, C.A., De-Feo, V., Camele, I., 2015b. Antifungal Activity of some constituents of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil against postharvest disease of peach fruit. Journal of Medicinal Food 18, 929-934.
Fontana, D.C., Neto, D.D., Pretto, M.M., Mariotto, A.B., Caron, B.O., Kulczynski, S.M., Schmidt, D., 2021. Using essential oils to control diseases in strawberries and peaches. International Journal of Food Microbiology 338, 108980.
Habib, S., 2015. Peach: Queen of fruits. Pakistan Food Journal 26-27.
Haq, M.A., Mukhtar, T., Haq, M.I., Khalid, A., 2022. Reproduction of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, on Solanum melongena genotypes determines their host status. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 54 (5), 2097-2103.
Hrustic, J., Mihajlovic, M., Tanovic, B., 2023. Postharvest fungal pathogens of peach fruit in Serbia, in: Tzortzakis, N. (Ed.), Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science 187-192.
Hua, L., Yong, C., Zhanquan, Z., Boqiang, L., Guozheng Q., Shiping, T., 2018. Pathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables. Food Quality and and Safety 2(3), 111-119.
Iqbal, U., Mukhtar, T., 2020a. Inhibitory effects of some fungicides against Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 52(2), 709-715.
Iqbal, U., Mukhtar, T., 2020b. Evaluation of biocontrol potential of seven indigenous Trichoderma species against charcoal rot causing fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina. Gesunde Pflanzen 72(2), 195-202.
Korba, J., Šillerová, J., PapršTein, F., Sedlák, J., Prokinová, E., Hošková, P., 2013. Evaluation of susceptibility level of pear cultivars to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in the Czech Republic. Horticultural Science 40, 58-4.
Lalancette, N., Ward, D.L., Goffreda, J.C., 2014. Susceptibility of peach cultivars to rusty spot and characterization of susceptibility groups. HortScience 49(5), 615-621.
Li, X., Zhang, R.Q., Xu, K.C., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, Q., 2021. First report of Ceratocystis changhui causing postharvest fruit rot of peach in Kunming, China. Plant Disease 105, 1221.
Li, X.-W., Meng, X.-Q., Jis, H.-J., Yu, M.-L., Ma, R.-J., Wang, L.-R., Cao, K., Shen, Z.-J., Niu, L., Tian, J.-B., 2013. Peach genetic resources: diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium. BMC genetics 14, 1-16.
Lin, H.J., Lin, Y.L., Huang, B.B., Lin, Y.T., Li, H.K., Lu, W.J., Lin, T.C., Tsui, Y.C., Lin, H.T.V., 2022. Solid- and vapour-phase antifungal activities of six essential oils and their applications in postharvest fungal control of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie 156, 113031.
Mou, L., Du, X., Lu, X., Lu, Y., Li, G., Li, J., 2021. Component analysis and antifungal activity of three Chinese herbal essential oils and their application of postharvest preservation of peach fruit. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie 151, 112089.
Mukhtar, T., Tariq-Khan, M., Aslam, M.N., 2021. Bioefficacy of Trichoderma species against Javanese root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in green gram. Gesunde Pflanzen 73(3), 265-272.
Mukhtar, T., Vagelas, I., Javaid, A., 2023. Editorial: New trends in integrated plant disease management. Frontiers in Agronomy 4, 1104122. doi: 10.3389/fagro.2022.11041221
Murthy, D.S., Gajanana, T., Sudha, M., Dakshinamoorthy, V., 2009. Marketing and post-harvest losses in fruits: its implications on availability and economy. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 64, 2.
Nabila, E.A., Soufiyan, E.A., 2019. Use of plant extracts in the control of post-harvest fungal rots in apples. Journal of Botanical Research 1(3), 27-41.
Oh, S., Shin, H., Kim, K., Oh, Y., Won, J., Han, H., Kima, D., 2017. Relationship between cold hardiness and bud opening among peach cultivars during a constant experimental deacclimation, in: Dondini, L., Tartarini, S., Laurens, F., Nybom, H. (Eds.), Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science, 371-373.
Oliveira Filho, J.G., Silva, G.C., Azeredo, H.M.C., Ferreira, M.D., 2021. Antifungal activity of essential oils and their combinations against postharvest fruit pathogen, Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science, 183-189.
Pascal, T., Pfeiffer, F., Kervella, J., 2010. Powdery mildew resistance in the peach cultivar Pamirskij 5 is genetically linked with the Gr gene for leaf color. HortScience 45(1), 150-152.
Rajasekar, G., Ebenezar, E., Thiruvudainambi, S., Vanniarajan, C., Vellaikumar, M.S.S., 2020. Exploitation and identification of antifungal compounds of botanicals through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) against Bipolaris oryzae in rice. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 8(1), 1509-1515.
Saeed, M., Mukhtar, T., Haq, M.I., Khan, M.A., 2021. Assessment of nematicidal potential of Cannabis sativa and Azadirachta indica in the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on peach. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58(5), 1555-1561.
Sales, M.D.C., Costa, H.B., Fernandes, P.M.B., Ventura, J.A., Meira, D.D., 2016. Antifungal activity of plant extracts with potential to control plant pathogens in pineapple. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6, 26-31.
Shahbaz, M., Akram, A., Raja, N.I., Mukhtar, T., Mehak, A., Fatima, N., Ajmal, M., Ali, K., Mustafa, N., Abasi, F., 2023. Antifungal activity of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles and their effect on physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant defense system of mango under mango malformation disease. PLoS ONE 18(2): e0274679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274679
Shakoor, S., Inam-ul-Haq, M., Bibi, S., Ahmed, R., 2015. Influence of root inoculations with vasicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizomyx for the management of root rot of chickpea. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 27, 153-158.
Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., Dicky, D.A., 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, A Biomaterial Approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill, Inc. Book Co. N.Y. USA.
Syed, J.H., Alamdar, A., Mohammad, A., Ahad, K., Shabbir, Z., Ahmed, H., Ali, S.M., Sani, S.G.A.S., Bokhari, H., Gallagher, K.D., 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and associated human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, 13367-13393.
Szymajda, M., Zurawicz, E., 2016. Tolerance of peach flower buds to low sub-zero temperatures in winter. Horticultural Science 43, 126-133.
Taheri, P., Ndam, L.M., Fujii, Y., 2018. Alternative approach to management of Rhizopus rot of peach (Prunus persica L.) using the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (L.). Mycosphere 9, 510-517.
Thomidis, T., Michailides, T.J., Karayiannis, I., 2007. Fruit core rot of the peach cultivar 'Fayette' caused by Alternaria alternata in Greece. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1476-1479.
Villarino, M., Melgarejo, P., De Cal, A., 2016. Growth and aggressiveness factors affecting Monilinia spp. survival peaches. International Journal of Food Microbiology 224, 22-27.
Xiong, X., Zhang, L., Li, X., Zeng, Q., Deng, R., Ren, X., Kong, Q., 2021. Antifungal mechanisms of lavender essential oil in the inhibition of rot disease caused by Monilinia fructicola in postharvest flat peaches. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, 724-736.
Yan, J., Wu, H., Shi, F., Wang, H., Chen, K., Feng, J., Jia, W., 2021. Antifungal activity screening for mint and thyme essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer and their application in postharvest preservation of strawberry and peach fruits. Journal of Applied Microbiology 130, 1993-2007.
Yazdani, N., Arzani, K., Mostofi, Y., Shekarchi, M., 2011. α-Farnesene and antioxidative enzyme systems in Asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 59, 227-231.
Zhang, H., Ma, L., Wang, L., Jiang, S., Dong, Y., Zheng, X., 2008. Biocontrol of gray mold decay in peach fruit by integration of antagonistic yeast with salicylic acid and their effects on postharvest quality parameters. Biologcal Control 47, 60-65.
Zhang, S., Zheng, Q., Xu, B., Liu, J., 2019. Identification of the fungal pathogens of postharvest disease on peach fruits and the control mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis JK-14. Toxins 11, 322.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4639
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.